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Mulinia coloradoensis
''Mulinia coloradoensis'', also known as the Colorado Delta clam is a species of clam endemic to the Colorado River Delta.〔() (K. Rowell, K.W. Flessa, D.L. Dettman, M. Roman, "The importance of Colorado River flow to nursery habitats of the Gulf corvina (Cynoscion othonopterus)", ''Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences'', Vol. 62, No. 12, pp. 2874-2885, 2005. )〕 It is thin-shelled,〔(Douglas Fox, "Dig Deeper", ''Conservation Magazine'', Vol. 7, No. 3, Jul.-Sep. 2006. )〕 and in the Mactridae family.〔(Michal Kowalewski, Karl W. Flessa, and Diana P. Hallman, "Ternary taphograms; triangular diagrams applied to taphonomic analysis", ''PALAIOS'', Vol. 10, No. 5, pp. 478-483, Oct. 1995. )〕
==Conservation history==
Prior to the diversion of water upstream in the Colorado River, this species was the most common mollusk in the estuary. It constituted 80-90% of the clams throughout the delta and was so abundant that heaps of the shells formed ridges that stretched for miles. The density of clams has been reduced from 25 to 50 per square meter to three per square meter. The clam has been largely replaced by several thicker-shelled species of Venus clam (Chione spp.). These previously minority species now account for 95% of the clams in the area.〔
The increase in salinity of the water and decrease of nutrient input from the river as a result of diversion and use of water led to the decline of the clam, which is now endangered and only found in a few isolated locations, including Isla Montague, the largest island at the mouth of the Colorado river.〔(Carlie A. Rodriguez, Karl W. Flessa, David Le Dettman, "Effects of Upstream Diversion of Colorado River Water on the Estuarine Bivalve Mollusc Mulinia coloradoensis", ''Conservation Biology'', Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 249-258, Feb. 2001. )〕〔(Karl W. Flessa, D.L. Dettman,"THE SOURCE OF SUSTENANCE FOR SIPHONING SHELLFISH IN THE COLORADO RIVER ESTUARY: NITROGEN ISOTOPES IN BIVALVE SHELLS REVEAL CHANGES IN NUTRIENT DELIVERY", ''GSA Denver Annual Meeting'', Oct. 2007. )〕 The clams are not harvested and are not affected by pressure from fishing.〔(John D. All, "Colorado River Floods, Droughts, and Shrimp Fishing in the Upper Gulf of California, Mexico", ''Environmental Management'', Vol. 37, No. 1, Jan, 2006. )〕
Studies of the clam have been used to infer the original extent the estuary in the absence of earlier survey data. Shells of the clam became sharply less prevalent about 65 km south of the river's mouth, constituting only 25% of shells in this area, and becoming rare to absent at a distance of 80 km. These observations have been used to infer that the mixing zone of river and sea water probably extended as far as 65 km south of the river's mouth. Isotope analysis of oxygen in the shells of the clam have also been used to independently estimate rates of salinity, and the results from this approach were found to correspond with observations of the prevalence of the clam shells, and also to agree with numerical models proposed in the past.〔(CA Rodriguez, KW Flessa, DL Dettman, "Macrofaunal and isotopic estimates of the former extent of the Colorado River Estuary, upper Gulf of California, Mexico", ''Journal of Arid Environments'', Vol. 49, pp. 183-193, 2001. )〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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